Beginners Guide To Tuning Your Car Part 2

Continued  From Part 1

Forced Induction
Compressed air forced to the engine can produce large amounts of power from the engine.A variety options is available from increasing boost to replacing the supercharger for one large volume.This is an area which is unique to supercharge/turbocharged tuning.

What is Turbocharger

Using the energy from the engine exhaust gasses, blades like those found in a windmill are turned with a compressor which attached on the same axis. This compresses air and forces it into the engine allowing for higher outputs to be gained from the engine. The amount of air (pressure) forced into the engine is referred to as boost pressure and this can be adjusted by controlling the amount of exhaust gas which passes through the turbo. This adjustment is performed by the use of a bypass valve which is between the engine and turbo and can release the exhaust gas without flowing through the turbo. This is activated by the compressor pressure.

By raising boost pressure the engine is able to take in more air but due to limitations in engine strength and extreme combustion (known as detonation or knocking) boost pressure is limited. Stock boost pressure is normally restricted with a large margin of safety to cope with a wide variety of uses and also for environmental reasons.

Types of Bypass Valve

Bypass valves fall into 2 main types. Actuator types and wastegate types. Both work by opening a bypass valve when the designated boost level is reached and allowing the exhaust gas to escape without flowing through the turbo which prevents boost from rising further. They both perform the same job but the actuator is compact and can be made as one with the turbo unit, whilst the wastegate requires piping and fitting before the turbo, bypass capacity can be made larger on a wastegate type giving more stable boost settings. From these characteristics, it is common that actuators are used on stock and smaller turbos whilst wastegates are used on larger turbos for higher power applications.

What is 'Boost Up'

By increasing the amount of forced air into the engine, the explosive force is increased thus increasing engine output. "Boost up" increases the conservative stock boost levels to release the full potential of the stock setup. The most common way to raise boost is to fit an EVC (Electronic Valve Controller) boost controller. It is also possible to replace the actuator for one with a stronger spring. Although Boost up is a relatively simple way of increasing power, there are many possible complications such as knocking fuel control or boost cut that could lead to possible engine damage and so it is important to be aware of the vehicles capabilities.

Turbo Swapping

Turbo swapping is the next step up from boost up. The limitations of the stock turbo can be easily reached and for those who require more can replace their turbo for one which can handle more air flow.

Normally, one would think that with the same engine and boost pressure, a small turbo and large turbo would both produce the same amount of power. However this is not the case and the larger turbo will produce more power. This is caused by the difference in turbo efficiency as each size turbo has a boost pressure (air flow rate) that it can work most efficiently at and using inefficient boost pressure will cause a rise in air temperature reducing air density thus reducing the amount of air into the engine even at the same boost pressure.

Intercooler

An Intercooler is a heat exchanger (cooling device) which is designed to cool air which has been heated by the turbo during compression.

Popular tuning in this field involves the addition or replacement of the intercooler for one of higher capacity and efficiency. A good intercooler must be able to reduce the resistance to air flow (pressure loss) and also reduce the air temperature as much as possible. These are two opposite properties and so it is difficult to achieve both together.

Supercharger

As opposed to a Turbocharger which uses exhaust gas power, a supercharger borrows a little power directly from the engine to operate a compressor. Specifically, it is most common to use a belt and pulley from the engine crankshaft to turn the compressor. As a result, the compressor will work from low rpm giving good response from the moment the accelerator is depressed. With a turbo which uses exhaust gas flow there is a delay before the exhaust gas flow necessary to operate the compressor is generated. However, at higher engine speeds (rpm), superchargers which use engine power, tends to becomes less efficient than a turbocharger.

Common Supercharger Types

Roots Type:

2 rotors mesh together and push air out of a housing. Most conventional superchargers are of this type. Since a roots type supercharger does not compress air inside within the unit, a larger housing can be required for big power outputs.

Centrifugal Type:

Shaped like a turbo but is driven directly by the engine rather than by exhaust gas. The internal structure divides into several further subgroups. HKS uses what is referred to as "Torque Reaction Drive Type" and with internal compression and traction drive mechanism, is able to provide suitable compression at all engine speeds.

to be continue

Beginners Guide To Tuning Your Car

What is Tuning

"Tuning" as improvement of vehicle overall performance in response to user needs. When tuning, some users may have some incorrect thought which may lead to them fitting the wrong parts for their needs. For this reason it is important for the user to know "what their target/goal" is and "what parts are needed" to achieve this goal. Here we will explain engine tuning, from light to hard, as simply as possible.

The First Step Tuning is Understand How Engines Work

Cars will not become fast by simply throwing parts at it. It is important to understand your own requirements and then tune to suit. This can also be applied to increasing engine power also. There are many routes to obtaining more power but depending on whether you want big peak power or want low engine speed torque for comfortable street driving, the choice of parts will change along with the order in which each process must be completed. In order to efficiently know what course to follow, it is important to understand how an engine and its components work.

The 5 Main Elements Of Engine Tuning

-Intake Parts

-Exhaust Parts

-Forced Induction

-Fuel Managements

-Ignition

-Intake Parts-

when people use strength or exercize,they breathe heavily and breathe with lot of air.

A car also produce more strength by breathing in more air.The best and most efficient way to increase the intake air volume is to change the air cleaner system.

In order to increase intake efficiency, the most important thing is to remove anything that could become a restriction and guide air smoothly into the engine. However, the stock air cleaner is designed to reduce intake noise and to prevent the filter from being blocked over a long period of use under a variety of conditions. This makes the stock air intake system very inefficient from a performance point of view. It is like someone running a marathon wearing a gas mask!

-Exhaust Parts-

In the intake system we discusses how it is important engine to breathe in but as with the human body,

it is just important to breathe out.The first step in breathe out tuning is muffler replacement.

The basics of exhaust tuning are in the increase of exhaust efficiency but it is not right to assume that the least resistance leads to the highest efficiency. By removing the muffler, exhaust resistance is radically reduced but engine torque is also reduces, adversely affecting launch and vehicle acceleration so it is necessary to have just the right amount of exhaust back pressure (resistance). Exhaust manifolds are a good example of this where it is possible to change the characteristics of the engine with the shape, joins and lengths of the manifold. The exhaust system plays a vital role in the exhaust emissions and sound levels of the car. Stock mufflers tend to have tight bends and crushed areas in order to reduce production cost and layout reasons. The emphasis on the design is to reduce sound levels and gain torque at the lowest engine speeds. Sports mufflers have smoother bends to increase the efficiency of the exhaust system and each system is tuned to the specific car so that sports cars can have efficient power all through the rev range, whilst sedan and wagon cars will have more emphasis on producing torque. Sound is also tuned to suit the application whilst giving enough to state its presence. Turbos (more details later) use exhaust energy to produce power and so become a resistance in the exhaust system and so mufflers for turbo power cars are designed with less resistance compared to NA vehicles. Dependant on the vehicle type and muffler, it is possible to raise boost levels and gain big power increases.

Stock mufflers prioritise low cost, low sound levels and low engine speed torque and the silencer has many sections disrupting the flow of exhaust gas.Sports mufflers which have prioritised exhaust gas flow have gentle pipe bends and the silencer has a straight pipe design which aids exhaust gas flow. Sounds levels have a tendency to increase, but some modern sports mufflers are able to provide efficient flow whilst keep noise levels low.

Metal Catalyzer improved both exhaust efficiency and Cleansing Properties

The catalyzer cleans the exhaust gasses so that they are less harmful to the environment. A catalyzer has a fine mesh structure with many tiny holes causing a resistance to exhaust gas flow. When considering only exhaust efficiency, best results would be achieved by the removal of the catalyzer but this would release many harmful gasses into the atmosphere and make the exhaust sound very loud. For these reasons the removal of a catalyzer from a vehicle is prohibited by law in many countries. In order to overcome this issue, the HKS 150 cell metal catalyzer was developed which has a much coarser mesh (cell) design allowing more efficient exhaust gas flow whilst maintaining cleansing properties through innovative design combining performance with social responsibilities.

to be continue at part 2

Super Junior vs Super Senior

asslamualaikum....

Yuuuhuuuu.....dah lama tak menghapdet blog aku ni.Alasannya seperti biasalah kan busy busy busy.Terima kasihlah kepada bloggers yg sentiasa melawat blog aku ni and sorry lambat update.Last week aku balik kampung Cik Ain sebab ada kenduri kawin.....Khamis malam gerak Ahad malam balik sini...Pastu hari ni bar ada kesempatan nak tgk Maharaja Lawak Mega yang aku rakam kat astro decoder.Banyak banyak persembahan setakat ni kumpulan boboi yang paling aku minat.Memang terbaik...Last week punya show adalah bertemakan muzikal komedi....kumpulan boboi leh modified lagu super junior layan weeeeiiiii....

Sepang Drag Battle

Hello bloggers.Agak lama aku tidak mengupdate blog aku.Macam biasala kan ruang waktu yang terhad sentiasa membataskan aku dengan dunia maya sekaligus menghalang aku dari bermain-main dengan blog aku.Tiada apa yang menarik sangat nak dikongsikan bersama korang semua disini.Cik Ain dah start cuti sekolah....cuti pun kena kerja gak...korang kalau kawin dengan cikgu nanti korang taulah...nampak je cam dorang rilek sebab yime cuti sekolah dorang cuti..tapi sebenarnya diorang tetap gak kesekolah.

Pada 19hb iaitu pada sabtu malam minggu haritu aku pergi trek sepang saje je layan tengok sepang drag battle.Memula rasa malas nak pergi sebab rasa cam nak hujan je malam tu.Last2 si Fakrul datang bengkel aku dok ayat aku ajak pergi sana.Oleh kerana dia kata nak sponsor aku masuk paddock..aku pun pergilah....(paddock entry rm50).Boleh tahan banyak gak lah kereta yang masuk race malam ni.Tapi aku agak hampa kerana dah nak ending2 leh lak hujan turun,Tak best langsung tgk drag hujan2.Pukul 2 pagi aku dah blah balik rumah.

Inilah antara ambar yang sempat aku snap malam tu....

Kelisa And YRV

Assalamualaikum....wuishhh dah berapa hari tak update blog ni.Memang tak sempat nak update sebab terlalu sibuk sejak akhir akhir ni.Kebelakangan ni bengkel aku dipenuhi dengan kereta kelisa.Alhamdulillah bertambah rezeki aku...Terima kasih ku ucapkan kepada adeeb dan ayoi kerana mempromosikan bengkel aku ke budak2 kelisa.

Ramai yang menanyakan aku kalau half cut YRV ni boleh masuk ke body lain ke selain kelisa.Halfcut YRV ni boleh je nak masuk apa-apa kereta kalau nak tapi paham-paham sudahlah...mesti banyak modifikasi yang harus dilakukan.Setahu aku halfcut YRV ni paling senang nak masuk kat Kelisa dan Kenari.Tak banyak modifikasi yang harus dilakukan.Ia juga boleh dimasukkan ke body Myvi dan Viva.Ada juga yang memasukkan YRV ni ke dalam Kembara.

Seperti biasa laa...lagi banyak modifikasi yang terpaksa dilakukan lagi banyak kos yang harus ditanggung oleh tuan punya kereta.Ini semua terpulang kepada tuan punya kereta...kalau kita mampu dan mempunyai kewangan yang kukuh kita boleh melakukan apa sahaja ke atas kereta kita.Tapi negara kita ada undang-undang.Apa yang kita lakukan haruslah menepati piawaian dari JPJ(Jabatan Pengangkutan Jalan).Kalau rasa nak koboi je terpulanglah...tapi kalau kena tahan sendiri mau ingatlah.

Hehehe...ada diantara customer aku yang datang agak terkejut melihat bengkel aku...bukannya apa...bengkel aku ni bawah pokok je...buruk lak tu...kalau hujan lebat kompom banjir paras dada anak itik.Tapi tulah kan...jangan nilai sesuatu tu daripada pandangan luaran sahaja sebelum kita mengetahui isinya.Insyaallah aku akan cuba memberi servis yang terbaik kepada semua customer aku.Buat masa ni alhamdulillah semuanya berpuas hati...kalau ada apa yang tak puas hati atau tak kena..tegurlah...manusia sentiasa melakukan kesilan...sekian dulu

-wassalam-

p/s kalau2 korang cari barang2 kelisa atau yrv try la tanya...mana tau aku ada

Toyota Duet or Daihatsu Storia

Assalamualaikum.....dah berapa hari tak berupdate blog aku ni.Sibuk kat bengkel buruk aku membataskan aku dengan dunia blogging.Hari ni pukul 12 malam baru balik rumah.Penat betul rasa badan ni tapi nak buat camne tanggungjawab aku untuk menyiapkan semua kereta yang ada kat bengkel tu.Alhamdulillah syukur ke hadrat ilahi kerana memberikan aku rezeki yang tak putus2.Yang penting kita bekerja kenalah ikhlas demi mencari rezeki untuk keluarga.

Ok...cukuplah aku melalut ye.Tengok tajuk tu.Kat sini aku nak tanya sikit la kat orang diluar sana yang menjelajah blog aku ni....apa beza toyota duet dengan daihatsu storia?Dua hari lepas ada sebiji halfcut mendarat kat bengkel aku....ada yang kata storia ada yang kata duet.Aku pun naik pening memikirkannya.Bila tengok kat website memang rupa dia lebih kurang je.

Penat Nak Pikir Tajuk

Isnin...Kebanyakan orang masih lagi bercuti akan tetapi aku pagi2 dah berada kat bengkel burukku.Kerja beb...kalau tak kerja mana nak datang duit.Lagipun Raya korban disambut dengan penuh kesederhanaan...tak perlu rasanya aku nak cuti sampai 3-4 hari.Bukan aku mementingkan wang ringgit akan tetapi ada kerja yang perlu disiapkan.Lagipun kerja sendiri dengan kerja dengan orang ni tak sama.Kalau kerja dgn orang kita tau cukup time dapat gaji....kalau kerja sendiri kena usaha lebih sikit baru ada gaji.

Pagi tadi aku gi kerja dengan mood yang agak kureng....mungkin tak cukup tidur pluss wani wat hal malam tadi merengek takmo tido.On the way ke bengkel jalan sangat lengang....alangkah seronoknya kalau hari2 camni.Ingat nak singgah memana sarapan tapi takde kedai bukak...aku terus je la pergi bengkel.Tengah kemas2 bengkel Siam call ajak bekpes.Pergila jumpa dia kat restoran yus sg ramal.Lepas bekpes teurs balik bengkel sambung mengemas bengkel aku yg dah macam kapal nak belayar tuh.

Pukul 5 aku chow balik rumah nak bawak cik ain dgn wani gi alamanda putrajaya,Sampai rumah tolong cik ain mandikan wani dan siapkan wani.Pukul 6 ptg keluar rumah menuju alamanda.Beli baju wani selai dua pastu makan kat RASA pastu ronda2 carefour then balik.arghhh dah xde idea nak tulis...aku nak tido dulu ye....till later...

Cik Ain serius pilih baju wani

Wani dah mengantuk tunggu Cik Ain

Pilih Baju

Wani Dah X Sabar Nak Makan

Wani Makan Dgn Cik Ain

Ni Aku Punya

Nurul Wani kekenyangan

Part 5-Kelisa To YRV

Assalamualaikum....1st sekali aku nak ucapkan selamat hari raya aidiladha kepada seluruh pembaca yang beragama islam.Hari ni barulah aku berkesempatan nak update blog aku ni.Hari raya haji tahun ni disambut dengan penuh kesederhanaan oleh keluarga aku.Takde nak masak grand2..cukuplah sekadar ketupat dan rendang ayam.

Ok hari ni aku nak sambung pasal kereta kelisa yang aku convert tu.Alhamdulillah dah siap akhirnya kereta tu dan sudah selamat berjalan dengan baiknya di atas jalan raya.Semuanya berjalan lancar .Tak banyak yang aku nak ceritakan cukuplah sekadar gambar sebab aku dah terlebih makan rendang ayam hehehehe.

Menyambung wiring

Sikit je lagi

Siap dah

Dah leh berlumba ni

itulah sajhaja untuk kali ini.semoga berjumpa lagii

PINK???RED???PURPLE??? Engine Conversion From Kelisa 1.0 to YRV 1.3 Part 4

Dah berapa hari aku tak update blog ni...kesibukan dan kepenatan telah membataskan aku dari duduk mengadap lappy dan mengupdate blog aku.So kat sini aku nak sambung la citer pasal kereta kelisa yang sedang bertapa kat bengkel buruk aku tu.Isnin Pagi aku terpaksa atau dipaksa oleh mr siam untuk menolong dia menyiapkan wiring kereta myvi dia yang dia pasang sendiri enjin YRV.Nak tak nak aku terpaksa tolong dia sebab aku dah terjanji nak tolong dia...janji haruslah ditepati kan...

-Selasa-

Semalam buat kerja kat tempat siam sampai pukul 1pg....balik rumah dah pukul 2pg.Penat gila... pukul 6.30 pagi dah bangun siap2 nak hantar cik ain pergi sekolah pastu terus pergi bengkel.Aku agak lemau hari ni kerana tak cukup tidur semalam.Dalam pukul 10 lebih aku pergi ke kajang utama beli cat untuk engine bay kelisa ni....Lepas tu terus balik bengkel standby nak cat engine bay....baru siap spray lapisan pertama tiba2 hujan!!!!!

kedai cat

Huhh...hujan....lemah semangat aku bila tengok hujan turun...maklumla bengkel aku kan buruk je...xde dinding...hujan tempias....kena la cat yang aku baru spray tu.Terus hilang mood aku nak kerja....Hujan pun tak renti2 sampai ke malam....balik rumah mandi terus tidur...sedar2 cik ain kejut dah pagi..huhuhu...

-Rabu-

Hari ni aku rasa semangat sangat nak buat kelisa ni...lepas hantar nurul wani terus aku spray engine bay tu.Kaler???korang teka lah sendiri kaler dia sebab aku tgk macam purple kejap pink,,,kejap merah...entahlah aku pun tak tau..aku harap owner berpuas hati lah dengan kaler tu..aku rasa lawa gak kaler dia..ye ke?ntahlaaa...

Dah Siap Cat

Sementara tunggu cat tu kering aku bawak subframe YRV ni ke kedai kawan aku untuk dibakar stabilizer bar dia.Stabilizer bar tu memang kena bakar sebab kita terpaksa menggunakan lower arm kelisa semula.Tak boleh pakai YRV beb terkeluar tayar nanti.hehehe...Balik aku tengok cat dah kering...alhamdulillah sebab hujan nak turun lagi.

Anak PAnah Menunjukkan Tempat Dibakar

Lepas hujan berenti aku terus pasang2 apa yang patut kat enjin dengan bay sebelum aku naikkan enjin YRV ni ke dalam kelisa tu.Menjelang pukul 5 petang enjin YRV tu dah selamat masuk kedalam engine bay kelisa.Esok tinggal nak kemaskini wiring dia,driveshaft,absorber...mmmmm apa lagi ekkk???Esok la aku pikir...dah penat dah nak menaip ni....

Selamat dah duduk tempat baru

-to be continue-

**maaf kualiti gambar kurang memuaskan**

Work's n Family - Engine Conversion From Kelisa 1.0 To YRV 1.3 Part 3

Hi all....alhamdulillah dapat lagi kita berbicara lagi di laman blog yang tak seberapa ni.Aku nak sambung citer pasal mengconvert enjin kelisa ke YRV.Sorry lambat update sebab semalam kan sabtu so harini ahad a.k.a family day....ni dah malam sikit baru leh mengadap lappy ni.So semalam cik ain cuti tapi pagi2 mak aku call minta tolong cik ain tolong dia kat kedai sebab 2 orang pekerja mak aku cuti.Masalahnya ialah hari sabtu pengasuh xde jadi aku terpaksa la menjaga nurul wani sampai ibunya habis tolong mak aku kat kedai.

Aku mula kerja dalam pukul 10 lebih.Bila dah start keje lambat rasa malas je nak keje hehehe...tapi kalau tak buat sapa nak buat ye tak?Perkara pertama aku buat ialah menanggalkan dashboard yrv ni bersama wiring dia.Layan beb wat keje sensorang ni...memang lambat sikit la tapi sebab kita dah ada pengalaman so aku dah tau cara nak baraikan dashboard dan wiring dia dengan cepat.Sebelum tengahari habis terbarai semua dashboard dengan wiring yrv ni.Next step bahagian enjin....

Bahagian enjin YRV ni senang je nak dibaraikan....bukak 4 skru subframe bawah tu dah jatuh dah enjin dia.Sebelum pukul 3 ptg semua dah settle.Kerja sorang beb memang la agak lambat

Bila dah siap semua aku kemas2 balik barang yang nak guna dengan barang yang tak diperlukan untuk kelisa nanti.Baru pukul 4 apa aku nak buat ni.....last2 aku cuci engine bay kelisa tu gosok2 spray undercoat.Owner nak suruh aku cat engine bay dia kaler apa??hmmm biarlah rahsia buat masa ni.Tunggu jelah aku up nanti bila dah siap cat ye.

So tajuk pun works n Family kan...habis kerja aku balik rumah siap2 nak bawa wani jenjalan putrajaya....kerja2 gak beb..family jangan dilupakan...hahahaha....lepak dataran putrajaya je dengan cik ain dan wani sambil tengok gelagat bebudak yang main kat situ.Nurul wani seronok la dengan walker dia..tengah lepak2 kat situ nampak geng2 kcar lalu....aku terus teringat kat bebudak JKCC lama dah diorang tak melepak kat bengkel aku..huhuhu...merajuk kah??

Aku ada dapat 3-4 msg dalam inbox aku kat fb tanya bengkel kat ne so kalau korang nak tau bengkel aku katne ialah bengkel aku kat area bangi.Protouch auto services- peta lokasi -

Cukupla dulu ye untuk kali ini..bye2

Engine Conversion From Kelisa 1.0 To YRV 1.3 **Part 2**

Hello semua pembaca blog aku yang x seberapa ni....Hari ni aku nak sambung citer aku semalam tentang kelisa dan YRV.Pagi tadi lepas hantar anak aku pergi pengasuh terus layan bukak enjin kelisa tu.Layan sorang jer pasal adik aku pukul 3 petang baru datang bengkel.So aku layan la bukak bodypart dia dulu...bumper depan,head lamp,bonet dengan fender kiri kanan.Memang kena bukak semua benda tu supaya senang aku nak buat kerja...lagi satu wiring kelisa ni lalu fender kiri dan kanan.

Bahagian Bodypart Depan Dah Xde

Lepas settle bukak semua tu baru aku layan bukak part enjin seperti radiator dan wiring enjin.Cuaca yang teramat panas hari ni kat bangi membuatkan aku mandi peluh hari ni....tu lah dulu mak suruh belajar rajin2 ponteng sekolah gi main snuker sapa suruh,,,sekarang tak guna nak menyesal dah...heheheh...Bahagian depan enjin ni memang akan ditogelkan habis laaa...layan jerla sensorang sambil menunggu si Amir datang hantar kereta Suzuki Swift dia sebab nak buat wiring aircond digital Swift dia tu.Finally Amir datang bagitau yang dia x jadi buat kereta harini pasal dia nak pakai kereta malam ni.Ok gak tu leh la aku fokus kat kelisa ni hari ni.

Kosong Dah Bahagian Depan

Lepas solat jumaat enjin kelisa ni dah terkeluar dari perut kereta ni..haha puas hati aku...so lepas tu aku sambung tanggalkan semua parts kat bahagia depan sebab owner minta aku spray engine bay dia.Dah jadi trend sekarang ni engine bay warna warni...so aku kenala bukak paip minyak dengan piping brek dia supaya tak terkena cat bila aku spray nanti.Biar susah sikit kerja janji hasil dia aku puas hati dan owner juga puas hati.

Terbarai Dah Enjin Ni

Ada Org Nak x Enjin Kelisa Ni??

Lepas settle semua bahagian depan aku beralih ke bahagian dashboard plak.Menanggalkan dashboard kelisa ni memang sangat senang berbanding dashboard kereta lain.Bahagian dashboard terpaksa dibuka kerana aku terpaksa menyalin semua wiring dari halfcut YRV tu masuk ke dalam kelisa ni.Lebih Kurang Pukul 5 petang kelisa ni dah togel aku kerjakan.Settle satu bahagian.

Dashboard Yg Baru Nak Terbarai

Barai Dah

Aku ingat nak sambung baraikan halfcut YRV tu...tapi apabila melihat ke arah langit yang mendung nak hujan serta angin yang kencang maka terpaksalah aku membatalkan niat aku untuk menyambung kerja aku....almaklumlah bengkel aku kan buruk je...atap pun bocor2.Kalau hujan lebat kompom air naik separas dada anak itik nye...heheeheheh...

Langit Gelap Nak Hujan

Maka aku pun berkemaslah apa yang patut sebelum yang kat langit tu gugur ke bumi.So esok akan kuceritakan pula bahagian membaraikan halfcut YRV.

***To Be Continue***